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HelpEpic Code LAB1230344 Paraneoplastic, Autoantibody Evaluation, Spinal Fluid
Additional Codes
Mayo Code: PAC1
Epic Code: LAB 1230344
Interface Order Alias: 55111
Cerner: 7155
Performing Laboratory
Mayo Clinic Laboratories in Rochester
Useful For
Aids in the diagnosis of paraneoplastic neurological autoimmune disorders related to carcinoma of lung, breast, ovary, thymoma, or Hodgkin lymphoma in spinal fluid specimens
Specimen Type
CSFLab Central Staff: All CSF specimens to Hematology first.
Additional Testing Requirements
In patients with a history of tobacco use or other lung cancer risk, or if thymoma is suspected, PAVAL / Paraneoplastic Autoantibody Evaluation, Serum is also recommended.
Necessary Information
Provide the following information:
-Relevant clinical information
-Ordering provider name, phone number, mailing address, and e-mail address
Specimen Required
Container/Tube: Sterile vial
Specimen Volume: 4 mL
Specimen Minimum Volume
2 mL
Forms
If not ordering electronically, complete, print, and send a Neurology Specialty Testing Client Test Request (T732) with the specimen.
Specimen Stability Information
| Specimen Type | Temperature | Time | Special Container |
|---|---|---|---|
| CSF | Refrigerated (preferred) | 28 days | |
| Frozen | 28 days | ||
| Ambient | 72 hours |
Reject Due To
| Gross hemolysis | Reject |
| Gross lipemia | Reject |
| Gross icterus | Reject |
Cautions
No significant cautionary statements
Clinical Information
Several antineuronal and glial autoantibodies are recognized clinically as markers of a patient's immune response to specific cancers (paraneoplastic autoantibodies). Seropositive patients present with neurologic symptoms and signs in more than 90% of cases. The cancers are most commonly small-cell lung carcinoma, ovarian (or related mullerian) carcinoma, breast carcinoma, thymoma, or Hodgkin lymphoma. The cancers may be new or recurrent, are usually limited in metastatic volume, and are often occult by standard imaging procedures. Detection of the informative marker autoantibodies allows early diagnosis and treatment of the cancer, which may lessen neurological morbidity and improve survival.
Serum is the preferred specimen for paraneoplastic autoantibodies. However, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results are sometimes positive when serum results are negative (especially for collapsin response-mediator protein-5-IgG [CRMP-5] and other inflammatory central nervous system autoimmunity). Additionally, CSF is more readily interpretable because it generally lacks the interfering nonorgan-specific antibodies that are common in the serum of patients with cancer. Because neurologists typically perform spinal taps in these patients, the recommendation is to submit CSF specimens with serum specimens, either for simultaneous testing or to be held for testing only if serum is negative.
CRMP-5-IgG Western blot is also performed by specific request for more sensitive detection of CRMP-5-IgG. Testing should be requested in cases of subacute basal ganglionic disorders (chorea, Parkinsonism), cranial neuropathies (especially loss of vision, taste, or smell), and myelopathies.
Method Name
AGN1C, AMPHC, AMPIC, ANN1C, ANN2C, ANN3C, CRMC, DPPIC, DPPTC, GABIC, GL1IC, GL1TC, NMDIC, PCA1C, PCA2C, PCTRC: Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA)
CRMWC: Western Blot
AGNBC, AMIBC, AN1BC, AN2BC, PC1BC, PCTBC: Immunoblot (IB)
GD65C, VGKCC: Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
AMPCC, CS2CC, DPPCC, GABCC, GL1CC, LG1CC, NMDCC: Cell-Binding Assay (CBA)
Report Available
5 to 10 daysReporting Name
Paraneoplas Autoantibody Eval,CSFReference Values
|
Test ID |
Reporting name |
Methodology |
Reference value |
|
AMPHC |
Amphiphysin Ab, CSF |
Indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) |
<1:2 |
|
AGN1C |
Anti-Glial Nuclear Ab, Type 1 |
IFA |
<1:2 |
|
ANN1C |
Anti-Neuronal Nuclear Ab, Type 1 |
IFA |
<1:2 |
|
ANN2C |
Anti-Neuronal Nuclear Ab, Type 2 |
IFA |
<1:2 |
|
ANN3C |
Anti-Neuronal Nuclear Ab, Type 3 |
IFA |
<1:2 |
|
CRMC |
CRMP-5-IgG, CSF |
IFA |
<1:2 |
|
PCTRC |
Purkinje Cell Cytoplasmc Ab Type Tr |
IFA |
<1:2 |
|
PCA1C |
Purkinje Cell Cytoplasmic Ab Type 1 |
IFA |
<1:2 |
|
PCA2C |
Purkinje Cell Cytoplasmic Ab Type 2 |
IFA |
<1:2 |
Reflex Information:
|
Test ID |
Reporting name |
Methodology |
Reference value |
|
AGNBC |
AGNA-1 Immunoblot, CSF |
Immunoblot (IB) |
Negative |
|
AMPCC |
AMPA-R Ab CBA, CSF |
Cell-binding assay (CBA) |
Negative |
|
AMPIC |
AMPA-R Ab IF Titer Assay, CSF |
IFA |
<1:2 |
|
AMIBC |
Amphiphysin Immunoblot, CSF |
IB |
Negative |
|
AN1BC |
ANNA-1 Immunoblot, CSF |
IB |
Negative |
|
AN2BC |
ANNA-2 Immunoblot, CSF |
IB |
Negative |
|
CRMWC |
CRMP-5-IgG Western Blot, CSF |
Western blot (WB) |
Negative |
|
CS2CC |
CASPR2-IgG CBA, CSF |
CBA |
Negative |
|
DPPCC |
DPPX Ab CBA, CSF |
CBA |
Negative |
|
DPPIC |
DPPX Ab IFA, CSF |
IFA |
Negative |
|
DPPTC |
DPPX Ab IFA Titer, CSF |
IFA |
<1:2 |
|
GABCC |
GABA-B-R Ab CBA, CSF |
CBA |
Negative |
|
GABIC |
GABA-B-R Ab IF Titer Assay, CSF |
IFA |
<1:2 |
|
GD65C |
GAD65 Ab Assay, CSF |
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) |
≤0.02 nmol/L |
|
LG1CC |
LGI1-IgG CBA, CSF |
CBA |
Negative |
|
GL1CC |
mGluR1 Ab CBA, CSF |
CBA |
Negative |
|
GL1IC |
mGluR1 Ab IFA, CSF |
IFA |
Negative |
|
GL1TC |
mGluR1 Ab IFA Titer, CSF |
IFA |
<1:2 |
|
NMDCC |
NMDA-R Ab CBA, CSF |
CBA |
Negative |
|
NMDIC |
NMDA-R Ab IF Titer Assay, CSF |
IFA |
<1:2 |
|
PC1BC |
PCA-1 Immunoblot, CSF |
IB |
Negative |
|
PCTBC |
PCA-Tr Immunoblot, CSF |
IB |
Negative |
|
VGKCC |
VGKC-complex Ab IPA, CSF |
RIA |
≤0.02 nmol/L |
Neuron-restricted patterns of IgG staining that do not fulfill criteria for amphiphysin, ANNA-1, ANNA-2, ANNA-3, AGNA-1, PCA-1, PCA-2, PCA-Tr, or CRMP-5-IgG may be reported as "unclassified antineuronal IgG." Complex patterns that include non-neuronal elements may be reported as "uninterpretable."
Note: Titers lower than 1:2 are detectable by recombinant CRMP-5 Western blot analysis. CRMP-5 Western blot analysis will be done on request on stored spinal fluid (held 4 weeks). This supplemental testing is recommended in cases of chorea, vision loss, cranial neuropathy, and myelopathy. Call 800-533-1710 to request CRMP-5 Western blot.
Interpretation
Antibodies directed at onconeural proteins shared by neurons, glia, muscle, and certain cancers are valuable serological markers of a patient's immune response to cancer. They are not found in healthy subjects, and are usually accompanied by subacute neurological symptoms and signs. Several autoantibodies have a syndromic association, but no autoantibody predicts a specific neurological syndrome. Conversely, a positive autoantibody profile has 80% to 90% predictive value for a specific cancer. It is not uncommon for more than one paraneoplastic autoantibody to be detected, each predictive of the same cancer.
Method Description
Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA):
The patient's sample is tested by a standardized IFA that uses a composite frozen section of mouse cerebellum, kidney, and gut tissues. After incubation with sample and washing, fluorescein-conjugated goat-antihuman IgG is applied. Neuron-specific autoantibodies are identified by their characteristic fluorescence staining patterns. Samples that are scored positive for any neuronal nuclear or cytoplasmic autoantibody are titrated to an endpoint.
Interference by coexisting non-neuron-specific autoantibodies can usually be eliminated by serologic absorption.(Honorat JA, Komorowski L, Josephs KA, et al: IgLON5 antibody: Neurological accompaniments and outcomes in 20 patients. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2017 Jul 18;4(5):e385. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000385689)
Western Blot:
Neuronal antigens extracted aqueously from adult rat cerebellum, full-length recombinant human collapsin response-mediator protein-5 (CRMP-5), or full-length recombinant human amphiphysin protein is denatured, reduced, and separated by electrophoresis on 10% polyacrylamide gel. IgG is detected autoradiographically by enhanced chemiluminescence.(Yu Z, Kryzer TJ, Griesmann GE, Kim K, Benarroch EE, Lennon VA: CRMP-5 neuronal autoantibody: marker of lung cancer and thymoma-related autoimmunity. Ann Neurol. 2001 Feb;49[2]:146-154; Dubey D, Jitprapaikulsan J, Bi H, et al: Amphiphysin-IgG autoimmune neuropathy: A recognizable clinicopathologic syndrome. Neurology. 2019 Nov 12;93(20):e1873-e1880)
Immunoblot (IB):
All steps are performed at ambient temperature (18-28° C) utilizing the EUROBlot One instrument. Diluted patient serum (1:12.5) is added to test strips (strips containing recombinant antigen manufactured and purified using biochemical methods) in individual channels and incubated for 30 minutes. Positive specimens will bind to the purified recombinant antigen and negative specimens will not bind. Strips are washed to remove unbound antibodies and then incubated with anti-human IgG antibodies (alkaline phosphatase-labelled) for 30 minutes. The strips are again washed to remove unbound anti-human IgG antibodies and nitroblue tetrazolium chloride/5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate (NBT/BCIP) substrate is added. Alkaline phosphatase enzyme converts the soluble substrate into a colored insoluble product on the membrane to produces a black band. Strips are digitized via picture capture on the EUROBlot One instrument and evaluated with the EUROLineScan software.(O'Connor K, Waters P, Komorowski L, et al: GABAA receptor autoimmunity: A multicenter experience. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2019 Apr 4;6[3]:e552. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000552)
Radioimmunoassay (RIA):
Duplicate aliquots of patient specimen are incubated with I(125)-labeled antigen. Immune complexes, formed by adding secondary (goat) antihuman immunoglobulin, are pelleted by centrifugation and washed. Gamma emission from the washed pellet is counted, and mean counts per minute (cpm) are compared with results yielded by high positive and negative control sera. Specimen yielding cpm higher than the background cpm yielded by normal human specimen are retested to confirm positivity and titrated as necessary to obtain a value in the linear range of the assay. The antigen binding capacity (nmol per liter) is calculated from the cpm precipitated at a dilution yielding a linear range value.(Vernino S, Kryzer TJ, Lennon AV: Autoimmune autonomic neuropathy and neuromuscular hyperexcitability disorders. In: Rose NR, Hamilton RG, Detrick B, eds. Manual of Clinical and Laboratory Immunology. 6th ed. ASM Press; 2002:1013-1017; Jones AL, Flanagan EP, Pittock SJ, et al: Responses to and Outcomes of Treatment of Autoimmune Cerebellar Ataxia in Adults. JAMA Neurol. 2015 Nov;72[11]:1304-1312. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.2378)
Cell-Binding Assay (CBA):
Patient serum is applied to a composite slide containing transfected and nontransfected HEK-293 cells. After incubation and washing, fluorescein-conjugated goat-antihuman IgG is applied to detect the presence of patient IgG binding.(Package insert: IIFT: Neurology Mosaics, Instructions for the indirect immunofluorescence test. EUROIMMUN; FA_112d-1_A_UK_C13, 02/2019)
Day(s) Performed
Profile tests: Monday through Sunday; Reflex tests: Varies
Clinical Reference
1. Lucchinetti CF, Kimmel DW, Lennon VA: Paraneoplastic and oncological profiles of patients seropositive for type 1 anti-neuronal nuclear antibodies. Neurology. 1998 Mar;50(3):652-657
2. Graus F, Vincent A, Pozo-Rosich P, et al: Anti-glial nuclear antibody: marker of lung cancer-related paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. J Neuroimmunol. 2005 Aug;165(1-2):166-171
3. Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Lennon VA: Anti-neuronal nuclear autoantibody type 2: paraneoplastic accompaniments. Ann Neurol. 2003 May;53(5):580-587
4. Chan KH, Vernino S, Lennon VA: ANNA-3 anti-neuronal nuclear antibody: marker of lung cancer-related autoimmunity. Ann Neurol. 2001 Sep;50(3):301-311
5. Hetzel DJ, Stanhope CR, O'Neill BP, Lennon VA: Gynecologic cancer in patients with subacute cerebellar degeneration predicted by anti-Purkinje cell antibodies and limited in metastatic volume. Mayo Clin Proc. 1990 Dec;65(12):1558-1563
6. Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Parisi JE, et al: Amphiphysin autoimmunity: paraneoplastic accompaniments. Ann Neurol. 2005 Jul;58(1):96-107
7. McKeon A, Pittock SJ: Paraneoplastic encephalomyelopathies: pathology and mechanisms. Acta Neuropathol. 2011 Oct;122(4):381-400
8. Horta ES, Lennon VA, Lachance DH, et al: Neural autoantibody clusters aid diagnosis of cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2014 Jul 15;20(14):3862-3869
Test Classification
This test was developed, and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. This test has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.CPT Code Information
86255 x 9
84182-AGNBC (if appropriate)
86255-AMPCC (if appropriate)
86256-AMPIC (if appropriate)
84182-AMIBC (if appropriate)
84182-AN1BC (if appropriate)
84182-AN2BC (if appropriate)
86255-CS2CC (if appropriate)
84182-CRMWC (if appropriate)
86255-DPPCC (if appropriate)
86256-DPPTC (if appropriate)
86255-DPPIC (if appropriate)
86255-GABCC (if appropriate)
86256-GABIC (if appropriate)
86341-GD65C (if appropriate)
86255-LG1CC (if appropriate)
86255-GL1CC (if appropriate)
86256-GL1TC (if appropriate)
86255-GL1IC (if appropriate)
86255-NMDCC (if appropriate)
86256-NMDIC (if appropriate)
84182-PC1BC (if appropriate)
84182-PCTBC (if appropriate)
83519-VGKCC (if appropriate)
LOINC Code Information
| Test ID | Test Order Name | Order LOINC Value |
|---|---|---|
| PAC1 | Paraneoplas Autoantibody Eval,CSF | 94818-2 |
| Result ID | Test Result Name | Result LOINC Value |
|---|---|---|
| 89079 | AGNA-1, CSF | 94355-5 |
| 5906 | Amphiphysin Ab, CSF | 94354-8 |
| 3852 | ANNA-1, CSF | 94356-3 |
| 7472 | ANNA-2, CSF | 94357-1 |
| 21633 | ANNA-3, CSF | 94358-9 |
| 21650 | CRMP-5-IgG, CSF | 94706-9 |
| 3988 | PCA-1, CSF | 94363-9 |
| 21632 | PCA-2, CSF | 94364-7 |
| 21631 | PCA-Tr, CSF | 94362-1 |
| 34271 | Paraneoplastic Interpretation, CSF | 69048-7 |
| 36429 | Reflex Added | 77202-0 |
Profile Information
| Test ID | Reporting Name | Available Separately | Always Performed |
|---|---|---|---|
| PNEOI | Paraneoplastic Interpretation, CSF | No | Yes |
| AMPHC | Amphiphysin Ab, CSF | No | Yes |
| AGN1C | Anti-Glial Nuclear Ab, Type 1 | No | Yes |
| ANN1C | Anti-Neuronal Nuclear Ab, Type 1 | No | Yes |
| ANN2C | Anti-Neuronal Nuclear Ab, Type 2 | No | Yes |
| ANN3C | Anti-Neuronal Nuclear Ab, Type 3 | No | Yes |
| CRMC | CRMP-5-IgG, CSF | No | Yes |
| PCTRC | Purkinje Cell Cytoplasmc Ab Type Tr | No | Yes |
| PCA1C | Purkinje Cell Cytoplasmic Ab Type 1 | No | Yes |
| PCA2C | Purkinje Cell Cytoplasmic Ab Type 2 | No | Yes |
Special Instructions
Reflex Tests
| Test ID | Reporting Name | Available Separately | Always Performed |
|---|---|---|---|
| AGNBC | AGNA-1 Immunoblot, CSF | No | No |
| AMPCC | AMPA-R Ab CBA, CSF | No | No |
| AMPIC | AMPA-R Ab IF Titer Assay, CSF | No | No |
| AMIBC | Amphiphysin Immunoblot, CSF | No | No |
| AN1BC | ANNA-1 Immunoblot, CSF | No | No |
| AN2BC | ANNA-2 Immunoblot, CSF | No | No |
| CS2CC | CASPR2-IgG CBA, CSF | No | No |
| CRMWC | CRMP-5-IgG Western Blot, CSF | Yes | No |
| DPPCC | DPPX Ab CBA, CSF | No | No |
| DPPTC | DPPX Ab IFA Titer, CSF | No | No |
| DPPIC | DPPX Ab IFA, CSF | No | No |
| GABCC | GABA-B-R Ab CBA, CSF | No | No |
| GABIC | GABA-B-R Ab IF Titer Assay, CSF | No | No |
| GD65C | GAD65 Ab Assay, CSF | Yes | No |
| LG1CC | LGI1-IgG CBA, CSF | No | No |
| GL1CC | mGluR1 Ab CBA, CSF | No | No |
| GL1TC | mGluR1 Ab IFA Titer, CSF | No | No |
| GL1IC | mGluR1 Ab IFA, CSF | No | No |
| NMDCC | NMDA-R Ab CBA, CSF | No | No |
| NMDIC | NMDA-R Ab IF Titer Assay, CSF | No | No |
| PC1BC | PCA-1 Immunoblot, CSF | No | No |
| PCTBC | PCA-Tr Immunoblot, CSF | No | No |
| VGKCC | VGKC-complex Ab IPA, CSF | No | No |